Passed 3/31/16
Reviewed by Rev. Kirk Thomas
Nature Awareness 1
Laura Fuller (Snow)
1.
Describe the customs of two or three
Indo-European cultures regarding the land and natural resources, and compare
and contrast these practices with the prevailing modern attitudes. (minimum 300
words)
Iceland: "You surely
don't expect to learn much about farming in Iceland," retorted a friend
when he heard I was leading a tour to look at that country's agriculture.
"Maybe not," I replied, "but we may learn how to survive in a
climate and on a terrain, both of which can be hostile." (Richardson) .
To me, the above statement sums up the feelings that
many early settlers had when they reached the land mass named Iceland. Though it has a more moderate climate than
many of its far northern neighbors thanks to the Gulf Stream, the land itself
can be brutal in its beauty with its many active volcanoes. The land is fertile, as volcanic soils often
are, but sparsely populated. In fact,
Iceland is the least populated country in Europe, with 80% of the land
unsettled (Promote Iceland) .
Iceland has many natural resources, but predominant
are the fisheries which make up the basis for the country’s economy. Fishing is responsible for 40% of the
country’s export and 7% of the country’s jobs.
Fishing rights have long been contested with England, and currently
Iceland holds approximately 200 nautical miles of ocean for this industry. The second major natural resource is the
water. Iceland does not treat their
water, and the amount of water it bottles for export is growing every year (Promote Iceland) .
One of the ways Iceland is very progressive is in its
use of renewable energy sources. In
fact, almost all of its electricity is produced through sustainable,
emission-free sources; primarily hydro-electric and geothermal. Nearly 90% of Icelandic homes are heated with
geothermal water (Promote Iceland) .
Iceland has a strong tradition of recognizing the
local land wights not only in the various sagas and lore dating from a pagan
period, but in modern times as well. In
fact, there is a tradition that building projects go around sites that are
considered important to the elves and a fear that disturbing them unnecessarily
will lead to ‘very bad things’ (Jacobs) .
Greece: Like Iceland, Greece
is a maritime nation; however it has some significant differences in terms of
its natural resources. The combination
of heavy limestone soil and the topography make only approximately a third of
Greece suitable for farming (approximately 30% of the land is under
cultivation), although rich mineral resources in its mountains make it wealthy
in terms of natural resources (Spagnolo) .
The most significant
mineral for modern Greece is Bauxite which produces aluminum as well as
deposits of asbestos, nickel, magnesite, and marble. There is limited coal and
what is there is generally of poor quality. Greece's small petroleum deposits,
located under the Aegean Sea near the island of Thasos, are rapidly being
depleted and there is no significant source of natural gas. Also depleted at this time are the forests
which have caused significant soil erosion.
This problem with erosion makes reforestation difficult (Countries
Quest) .
Greek mythology has a strong tradition of
nature spirits which inhabited trees, streams, and other locations. Their understanding of natural phenomena is
perhaps best summed up in the Eleusinian Mysteries. These mysteries celebrated the turning of the
seasons and the cycles of birth, death, and rebirth told in the story of
Persephone’s kidnapping and abduction to the Underworld (Nilsson) .
2.
Describe your understanding of the term
"nature spirits"? Discuss this concept in relation to both ancient
Indo-European and modern ADF practices. (minimum 300 words)
My understanding of Nature Spirits is that they
are the beings that inhabit the world around us, both those seen by us and
those we don’t see directly. This can
include beings like elves, it can include spirits that reside in physical
things such as trees or bodies of water, and it can also include the animals that
live with us and share a habitat. This
last, especially, can be a constant reminder of the connection we as humans
have to the vast web of life around us that connects all of the various worlds
in whatever cosmological schema we personally prefer. Though my hearth culture tends to put elves
in their own world (Aelfheim), I have long believed that the worlds overlap and
that the more numinous the being, the more easily they move between the worlds.
The ancient world had a much clearer understand of
nature spirits and their place in the cosmology than most modern people
have. We see this through the animistic
view many Indo-European cultures had of the world around them. The Greeks personified nature in the form of
dryads, naiads, nymphs, fauns, and other denizens of the natural realm (Theoi) . Russian (Slavic) culture also has an extensive
list of beings that shared our realm with us, both inside the home and outside
in the fields and forests (Forrester) .
I think my
understanding of Nature Spirits is rather closely aligned with that of
ADF. Our most important teaching around
this I feel is the way we invite the Kindreds, including that of nature
spirits, to participate in our rituals and also to recognize that often when we
are performing ritual outside, we are in their space. We coexist with them in an intimate way since
we depend on them for sustenance, and we ask them to bless the land around us
to make it bountiful. Both the spirits
that exist in the physical realm, such as the plants and animals, and those of
a less corporeal nature such as the elves, are important in an ADF context, and
both are offered to.
3.
Describe the park or patch of untended nature
closest to your home and what kind of park it is. (minimum 100 words)
The closest patch of untended nature to my home is
Dillon State Park in Muskingum County Ohio. Dillon State Park covers 2285 acres
and is located in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. The Licking River flows through the park and
is widened by into the Dillon Reservoir.
The Reservoir was created in 1961 by the US Army Corps of Engineers to
manage flooding along the river, particularly where it merges with the
Muskingum River in the nearby city of Zanesville. The hills are predominantly flint and
sandstone, and the area was heavily populated by native peoples before the city
was founded. The forest cover is
predominately hardwoods and is home to a number of species of fauna including
whitetail deer, grouse, wild turkey, and bald eagles (Ohio Department of Natural Resources) .
4.
Explain where your household water comes from;
what waterway is nearest to your home, and where its source is; where it
drains; if there are any large bodies of water (lakes, ocean) near your home;
what you know about the quality of water in your region; and what the major
concerns in your area regarding your water supply are. (minimum 300 words)
In Zanesville, Ohio, the water source for home
water services is the Muskingum River, or more specifically, wells drilled in
the Muskingum River flood plain dating back to 1917. The wells are predominantly located at
Riverside Park along Lewis Drive (State Route 666). Household wastewater is processed at a water
treatment plant which is adjacent to the wells and empties back into the
Muskingum River (City of Zanesville) .
The waterway nearest my home is the Muskingum
River. The Muskingum River has the
largest watershed contained wholly within the state of Ohio and covering
approximately 20% of the state. The
watershed begins with several creeks that flow together to create the Muskingum
River, which empties into the Ohio River. In turn, the Ohio River is a tributary to the
Mississippi River. The city of
Zanesville is located at the confluence of the Muskingum and Licking Rivers,
and the Licking River is the Muskingum River’s largest tributary (Muskingum Water Conservancy District) .
Though there are no natural lakes or oceans near
my home, the river was widened in 1961 by the US Army Corps of Engineers to
create a reservoir which was dedicated as part of the Dillon State park in 1968
(Ohio Department of Natural Resources) .
Currently, there are no explicit threats to the
water quality of my home beyond those normally associated with urban
infrastructure. That said, there was a
relatively recent federal case brought by a nearby, predominantly black,
neighborhood against the City of Zanesville for discrimination. Apparently, the city had denied extending
services to them. In 2008, Kennedy and a
group of his neighbors, mostly family members, who lived in the Coal Run subdivision,
filed a suit because the city refused to extend water service to the area which
is the only predominately black area in Zanesville. They won a settlement of approximately eleven
million dollars (Relman, Dane & Colfax PLLC) . While not a water quality issue, I feel that
this is an important issue when looking at the general resource map of the area
and how water decisions are made in my region.
In my opinion, the biggest regional threat to our
water quality is fracking, or hydraulic fracturing. Fracking is a process of drilling into the
bedrock, then using a mix of water, sand and chemicals at high pressure water
to release gas inside the rock. The name
comes from the way the rock is fractured, or broken apart, by this high
pressure stream of water (BBC) . While many parts of the world are beginning
to put limits on fracking, the practice is becoming more and more frequent here
in Southeastern Ohio. Previously coal
country, the area sits on two major shale oil plays known as the Marcellus Play
and the Utica Play. While fracking in
general is a topic of concern for the environment, the threat to water comes
both from the chemicals pumped into the earth as part of the process and in the
form of spills of the wastewater that is laden with chemicals, many both
carcinogenic and radioactive (Brown) .
5.
Explain where your household garbage ends up and
what recycling is available in your area? (minimum 100 words)
The Village of South Zanesville contracts with
Waste Management Solutions for trash pick-up, which operates Suburban Landfill
in Glenford, Ohio. We do not currently
have curbside pick-up for recycling.
There are two recycling centers in Zanesville, both of which operate as
a drop-off location. Both of which
accept normal recycling materials such as paper and cardboard and metals, as
well as electronics. Some hazardous
waste can also be dropped off, such as paints.
The service is not publically available as there is not local contract
and information on the two operating businesses is limited. This has actually been one of the biggest
shocks to me since the last few places I’ve lived have offered recycling
services as part of our trash contracts.
Given how difficult it is to find the information and the fact that you
are charged for dropping off recycling as it is not part of your regular trash
bill, I doubt that there is much recycling done in the area.
6.
Briefly describe the major sources of air and
water pollution in your area, what the biggest source of pollution in your area
is, and what impact it has. (minimum 100 words)
The biggest sources of
pollution in Southeast Ohio are general industry. In the most recent data available (2013), the
Ohio River was the most polluted waterway in the country, with industrial
contamination levels twice that of the Mississippi (Bruggers) . 92% of the toxic discharge was nitrate
compounds, predominantly from AK Steel's Rockport plant. Another major contributor to pollution is
farming runoff, although its overall impacts are lower than industry’s.
According to a 2010
report issued by the Ohio EPA, the biggest air pollution threats are
acrylonitrile and benzene, which show an increased risk of cancer. The only monitoring station in Southeast Ohio
is in Marietta at the Washington County Career Center. This is the closest to both where I live and
where I work. There is not a monitoring
station in Zanesville (Ohio EPA) .
Both the air and water
reports focus on risk to human populations, rather than the environment and the
animals living in it. However given the
toxicity level of the river and the increased cancer risk to humans because of
air pollution, I cannot help but think that these are major problems for local
fauna and flora that depend on the river for drinking water.
7.
Describe the basic climate of your region, the
primary influences on your weather patterns, major economic resources of your
region (for example, crops, minerals, ranching, tourism, manufacturing) and how
are these affected by climate and weather conditions. (minimum 300 words)
Ohio is mostly in climate
zone 6a based on the USDA’s findings for average extreme cold temperatures,
which means that we mostly fall between -10 and -5 degrees Fahrenheit for our
average coldest temperature. The map
was most recently updated in 2012 and considers the last 1976 to 2005 in making
its averages (USDA) . Based on our zone, our official ‘frost free
day’ for when we are no longer at risk of having a hard or killing frost is May
15th, making plant sales around Mother’s Day very popular.
The primary influence on
Ohio’s weather is, surprisingly, El Nino.
When there is a strong current in the Pacific, it tends to give Ohio a
warmer, drier winter (McCarthy) . Though less important where I live than
further to the north, Ohio is also known for the effects the Great Lakes have
on its weather patterns, especially during winter. Lake Effect Snow means that you can have a
blizzard raging in the five or so miles that border the lake, but no snow at
all outside of that zone. This has to do
with how the air gathers moisture from the lake, then continues to move
eastward because of the Jetstream. As
the air moves away from the lakes, the moisture drops as precipitation (Frischkorn) . Even further away from the lakes themselves,
the Great Lakes play a role in the water cycle.
Because I live in the
foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, there are not a lot of crops grown in
our agricultural sector. It’s impossible
to till and the soil is very rocky and sandy.
Our primary agriculture is pasture raised livestock that can graze on
the slopes. The last dairy operation in
the county closed last year. The
predominant species is beef cattle, with some smaller ruminants (mostly sheep
and a few goats). There is one llama
farm as well, although they raise fiber animals (Gelley) .
While agriculture is not
the primary industry in our county like it is in much of rural America, Noble
County has long been engaged in natural resource extraction as the basis of its
economy. Strip mining was once common
here, and a significant portion of the land in the county is currently
reclaimed mine land. Though only a few
mines remain open at this time, historically they have been the largest
employer in the county. In recent years
(since 2011), oil and gas (aka fracking) has replaced them as the primary
economic activity in the county. For all
that Noble County is one of the smallest in the state of Ohio in terms of both
land and population, it was fourth last year for the number of drilling permits
issued by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources and fifth for number of
wells in production (Ohio Department of Natural Resources) .
8.
Name and provide the following information for
each of three species of animals (birds, mammals, insects, fish, etc.) and
three species of plants native to and currently found in your area:
1.
Its status (endangered, threatened, thriving,
overpopulated)
2.
A brief physical description of the species,
noting if you have seen it, and where.
3.
Describe at least one of the following:
1.
a way it is or has been used by humans (for
example, as food source, medicinal use, raw materials for tools, clothing,
housing, etc.)
2.
a way in which it has been affected by human
presence or development
3.
a way in which it has adapted to or entered into
an ecological relationship with human presence or human development.
Wild Turkey: The wild
turkey’s status is listed as Least Concerned, and the population has been on
the rise. That said, the population in
Ohio was at one point completely depleted due to clear-cutting for a
combination of farming in the western part of the state and strip mining in the
eastern part of the state with the last bird being seen in 1904. They are now thriving. Wild turkeys are the largest game bird in
Ohio standing three to four feet tall and weighing up to 24 pounds. They have a slim build, long neck, and bald
head. The feathers appear brown at a distance
but up close are iridescent. Adult males
have the distinctive feather in the form of a long tassel of feathers that
dangles from their breast. I have
frequently seen them while driving in the county and while hiking in the local
state park. Wild turkeys have been used
as a food source for native populations and early settlers in Ohio until the
bird disappeared in 1904, and is once again thriving enough to have permits
issued each year for a turkey hunt (ODNR) .
Black Bear: Though native to eastern Ohio, the black bear is
currently listed as Endangered within the state. That said, it is the most common bear species
in North America. An adult black bear
can range from 150 to 700 pounds. Males
average around 300 pounds, while females are smaller and average around 175
pounds. Though called the black bear,
they can in fact range in color and can be black, dark brown, and even
white. I have not seen black bear since
moving back to Ohio, although they were still quite common in other places I’ve
lived (Wisconsin and West Virginia).
Though once common, deforestation and land development for farming has
all but wiped the black bear out in Ohio where there was unregulated hunting of
them to protect livestock in the 1800s.
It was considered extinct in Ohio from about the 1850s on, and the first
sighting of a black bear indicating they might return occurred in 1973 (ODNR) .
Massasauga: The massasauga is a species of rattlesnake currently
listed as endangered in Ohio and which I have never personally seen. They are a medium sized snake, usually
between twenty and thirty inches long.
Dark in color, they have between twenty-nine and fifty dark dorsal
blotches on a grey or brownish grey body.
They have three rows of smaller dark spots on each side of the
body. Though short, they have a thick
body. Their head is triangular with
black stripes. Its belly is black and
marked with yellow or white spots. They
have elliptical pupils. The triangular
head and slit pupils are two things that help identify them as poisonous. The most distinguishable feature is the
stubby rattle on the end of the tail.
They name comes from the Chippewa tribe of Native Americans. They are endangered primarily because their
habitat was cleared for farming (ODNR) .
Golden-Knees: Chrysogonum Virginum L is an herbaceous perennial
that has bright yellow, five-petaled flowers and grows low to the ground. It is currently considered threatened in Ohio
although it has a good chance of recovery.
I have frequently seen them while walking in the local state park. It has no known medicinal properties and is
used primarily for ornamental purposes when planted purposefully by
humans. Clear-cutting and farming are
major reasons why it is threatened, as it is easily overshadowed by taller
plants. However, it is managing to
return in protected areas such as state parks (ODNR) .
Trout Lily: Erythronium americanum is a common wildflower in the
eastern US with a range from Canada to Georgia.
I have frequently seen it on my woods walks. It has brownish, mottled leaves and sends up
stalks that have a single flower that is yellow in color. It generally blooms in April in my area. In plantings
it is an ornamental (University of Texas-Austin) .
American Beech: Fagus grandifolia is a tree native to the eastern
US and very common in Ohio. In fact,
during the time of year when other deciduous trees have lost their leaves, the
beech tree is easy to spot on my woods walks because it holds on to its leaves
during the winter and doesn’t drop them until new growth in the spring pushes
them off the branches. Beech trees can
grow up to 115 feet tall and have smooth, silver-grey bark. Leaves are dark green, simple, and
sparsely-toothed with small teeth that terminate each vein. It can spread both through its seeds and
through root sprouts. It is shade
tolerant and commonly found in late stages of forest succession because of
this. It is intolerant of urban pollution,
salt, and soil compaction and needs well-drained well-watered soil (US Forestry Service) .
9. Identify
one species of plant or animal in your local area which is threatened,
endangered, or locally endangered, or which became extinct in historic times.
Explain what destroyed or threatens this species locally, how does or might the
absence of this species affect your locality, and what, if any, steps were
taken or are being taken to preserve the species. (minimum 100 words)
Wolves, particularly timber wolves, were once common
in Ohio. However as farming became more
prevalent, wolves were seen as a threat to livestock. In the early nineteenth century, bounties
were paid on wolf hides resulting in mass hunting, poisoning, and trapping. The last wolf was killed in Ohio in
1842.
Wolves were not protected as an endangered species
until 1973, by which time they had been almost completely exterminated from the
lower forty-eight states. They are
slowly returning to some national parks (Yellowstone being one of the more
notable) and also to areas that are sparsely settled such as the Upper
Peninsula of Michigan. However, because
Ohio lacks large blocks of true wilderness, it is unlikely that wolves will
ever return here. There have been some
sightings of coy-wolves, which are a wolf-coyote hybrid.
Currently, there are no true large predators in Ohio,
wolves or otherwise. This has many
impacts on the local ecosystem, particularly on the deer herds which must be
managed for overpopulation by the Department of Wildlife (Ohio History Connection) .
10. Identify one plant or animal species which was
introduced to your area and explain how its introduction and continued presence
has affected the local ecology and what, if any, steps are being taken to
mitigate those effects. (minimum 100 words)
The Emerald Ash Borer is an invasive insect
originating in Asia. It is a member of a
group of metallic looking wood-boring beetles.
It affects all native Ash species in Ohio. Larvae feed on the living portion of the
tree, directly beneath the bark. This
girds the tree, making it unable to move water and essential nutrients from
throughout its body and kills it within three to five years of infestation no
matter how healthy the tree was to begin with.
The ash tree in Ohio is part of a grouping of species,
usually found with elm and cottonwood trees.
The loss of the species will create a huge void in the already fragile
ecosystem that had been hit with Dutch Elm Disease, a type of fungus that makes
Elm bark explode and kills the trees when they reach a certain girth.
Because the insect spends most of its life beneath the
bark, it is often not seen until it is too late and the tree is showing outward
signs of infestation. The only way to
deal with it is to remove infected trees, which has resulted in a net loss of
approximately three billion dollars for the state forestry industry in Ohio
alone.
The state of Ohio is under quarantine. It is the only step that has been taken, and
as the beetle is so difficult to detect, the only step that is really able to
be taken. The Forest Service will
inspect woodlots at the owners request to determine if the beetle is present,
and if it is, help with removing the trees (ODNR) .
11. Based
on your experiences, meditations, and research, describe what, in your opinion,
makes a place seem "natural." (minimum 100 words)
A place seems ‘natural’ to me when I walk through it
and do not feel an overwhelming human presence.
That does not mean that the hand of man is entirely absent from the
area, as I often am walking on maintained trails when I’m in an area that feels
natural. Rather, it means that I do not
hear traffic, see buildings, or hear the noise that is so prevalent in an urban
or suburban setting. A natural setting
is one where I am a visitor, not an inhabitant.
Where the animals are free to roam and the sense is that I am
encroaching on their territory, not the other way around. Where the plants are not planted, but rather
grow in their own way. That does not
mean that the land isn’t managed through controlled burnings and the like, but
rather that it is allowed to mostly exist in its own way.
12. Based
on your research for Questions 1 above, describe what sort of offering would be
appropriate to make to the Nature Spirits in your area, and what would be an
appropriate way to make such an offering and why. Discuss the potential
ecological consequences of making this offering and ways to modify the offering
in order to minimize any negative environmental impact. (minimum 100 words)
The offerings I make to
the nature spirits depend entirely on which group of nature spirits I’m
offering to. When it is the elves, I
often give the same sort of offerings I make to the Shining Ones: mead, food,
or things that catch my eye and are of a natural material that will not pollute
the environment.
When I expect the nature spirits to be those with a
more corporeal form and come as animals, I usually offer food or sometimes
things to build a habitat with. Once, I
made an offering of scraps of 100% cotton fabric that the birds took from my
compost pile and turned into some lovely nests.
I’ve also made bird feeders by rolling pinecones in peanut butter or
honey and then covering the sticky surface with seeds and tying them with
organic fiber (either fabric or yarn) to trees and bushes.
Lastly, every year (when I have a yard), I dedicate my
compost bin to the nature spirits, letting them know that anything within is
for their use as much as for returning back to the soil. I occasionally find it strewn across the
yard, but I take that as a sign that an offering as accepted.
13. Based
on the research and conclusions you have drawn from question 1 through 12,
describe how you might further extend your personal and/or group spiritual
practices to include the Nature Spirits and other natural elements. (minimum
300 words)
Of all my practices with the Kindreds, I feel that my
relationship with the nature spirits is the hardest for me to maintain. I think that is in part because I am an urban
dweller in a small apartment without even a scrap of yard or window box and I
spend all day working in an office that has no windows. This cuts me off from the natural world in
ways that are physically and psychologically painful.
To combat that, my grovemates and I have taking to
scheduling Sunday morning walks in the various metro parks, state parks, and
other natural places all over the state.
We get together and have a short devotional close to dawn, then walk in
the woods for at least an hour, usually closer to two. After we walk, we share fellowship over
breakfast. We have been doing this for
the last month and it has made a huge difference in my psychological state as
well as being a great group bonding experience as we go hunting for spring
ephemerals in the state parks.
Another way I am working to expand my practice of
honoring the nature spirits is in working on several projects for Earth Day
next month. Our protogrove is
participating in a clean-up event through a local pagan-friendly business where
we will be preparing their herb beds for planting and making some seed bombs. I am also coordinating a project at work to
build some raised, handicap accessible garden beds at the local nursing home
and getting ready to pursue getting recertified as a Master Gardener for the
county. While I am not passionate about
home gardening, I do enjoy the work that Master Gardeners do as stewards within
the community. Further, I am looking to
start a chapter of the Ohio Certified Volunteer Naturalist Program, also
through the Extension Office. This
program trains volunteers and then matches them with volunteer opportunities to
make a difference in conservation efforts in Ohio communities.
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